NA ="Barmera, Moorook, Loveday, Cobdogla,";
FE1[0]=" The Riverland Wine Region is the most important wine region to the South Australian viticultural industry. The Riverland in the 1999 vintage produced 52% of South Australia's wine grapes - 258,987 tonnes out of the  total of 494,2";
FE2[0]="05 tonnes. The Barossa Valley was 11% and McLaren Vale was 10%. It is part of the Lower Murray Zone. The climate is continental with cool nights and hot, dry days. Most of the rain in the region falls in winter and so irrigation i";
FE3[0]="s required during the growing season. Grape Varieties: Muscat Gordo Blanc,· Grenache; Chardonnay; Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. First on the itinerary for most wine lovers is the Banrock Station Wine and Wetland Centre near Kings";
FE4[0]="ton-On-Murray. It is the largest wine ecotourism complex in Australia and the headquarters for a wine brand that now sells more than two million cases annually to more than 40 countries. Other massive wine producers in the area ar";
FE5[0]="e Hardy Wine Company's Renmano Wines and Berri Estates (the latter being the biggest winery in the southern hemisphere), and other wine leaders like Simeon Wines, Kingston Estate Wines and Salena Estate. Another company with a lon";
FE6[0]="g history in the region is Angove's, which first began winemaking and distilling there in 1886. The Riverland was traditionally known for its fortified wine and brandy, and Angove's is still responsible for the ever popular Stone'";
FE7[0]="s Green Ginger Wine and Australia's biggest selling brandy, St Agnes. A number of 'boutique' wineries have opened in recent years. Bonneyview established in 1970 near Lake Bonney, was the first in the region to plant Petit Verdot.";
FE8[0]=" Four new cellar doors - Salena Estate, Woolpunda, Tandou and Burk Salter - have opened in the Riverland recently. Woolpunda is the cellar door for Thomson Fruitgrowers, which has been producing fruit in the region since 1919. It ";
FE9[0]="originally sold its grapes to large companies, and continues to sell 80 per cent of its grapes that way, but from 1996 it has been making wine under its own labels.";
LA1[0]=" The Riverland district upstream from Morgan depends on pumping water right out of the river alley to irrigate the higher land around it. About 22,000 hectares of irrigated horticultural land support some 2400 growers on blocks of ";
LA2[0]="8 to 20 hectares. Farms are typically 'fruit salad bowls' with about 50% planted in vines for dried fruit, wine-making or table grapes; about 40% in citrus trees; and 10% in peaches and apricots. Almonds and vegetables, especially";
LA3[0]=" tomatoes for juice extraction, are also grown. With fluctuating demands for the Riverland's wine grapes in recent years, and competition in Australia's traditional markets for dried and canned fruit, some sectors of the Riverland";
LA4[0]=" economy have been under stress. The physical basis of the economy is also under threat. The problems of sub-soil salinity are probably more acute in the Riverland than in most other Australian irrigation areas. They require caref";
LA5[0]="ul management, including wider adoption of low-level sprinklers and drip irrigation. In the past, drainage from the irrigated farms has been to embanked evaporative basins on the river flats here the saline waters have killed near";
LA6[0]="ly all the trees, and seriously threatened salinity levels for metropolitan water supplies. Select soils in the Riverland are deep well drained sandy loams, suitable for the development of deep rooted citrus, fruit and nut tree cr";
LA7[0]="ops and grapes. Shallower soils in the Riverland and mainly in the Murray Mallee are used for vegetables. Light soils in the region improve drainage, reducing root disease, and vegetable crops such as potatoes, carrots and onions,";
LA8[0]=" are easier to machine harvest, producing a cleaner product. Most of the winery soils are red-brown sandy loam often overlying a limestone substrate. Fertility rates are moderate. As with the entire Murray-Darling basin, salinity ";
LA9[0]="is an increasingly important issue and will affect all aspects of land use in future generations.    ";
CL1[0]=" The climate is Mediterranean climate with most of the rain falling over the Winter months. The summer months are hot and dry with high evaporation rates and low rainfall, making irrigation essential. The climate is also continenta";
CL2[0]="l resulting in long sunny days and noticeably cooler nights. Modern viticultural and winemaking techniques mean this climate can be seen as one of the region's strengths. Long sunshine hours ensure fruit ripeness, while a strongly";
CL3[0]=" winter dominant rainfall results in low disease incidence and allows the viticulturists the choice of how much moisture the vine receives during the growing season. Certain microclimates in the region provide frost protection, or";
CL4[0]=" frosts occur outside flowering periods of most fruit and nut crops, but enough chilling units for fruit set. The low rainfall reduces pests and diseases, and provides blemish free fruit, and reduces chemical usage. Irrigation in ";
CL5[0]="Riverland is mainly from Murray River, and in the Murray Mallee from bores to the underground aquifer. Adequate quantity and quality water has enabled the expansion of horticultural production in the region. Water salinity is 600-";
CL6[0]="800 EC. Heat degree days: 2084; Sunshine hours per day: 9.6; Annual rainfall: 269 mm; Growing season rainfall: 139 mm; Mean January temperature: 23°C; Harvest: Mid-February-mid-April.";
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HI1[0]=" When Californian George Chaffey fell foul of political duplicity in Victoria in 1887, the South Australian government quickly stepped in to capitalise on the expertise he and his brother William had developed in pioneering irrigat";
HI2[0]="ion in California. The Chaffeys selected Renmark, on the west bank of the Murray, as the site for the commencement of irrigation in South Australia. Of the five Riverland towns, Renmark (population 3475) is the oldest, dating from";
HI3[0]=" the Chaffey brothers' settlement in 1887. Berri (3419) is the industrial administrative centre of the district, with a fruit-juicing plant, large fruit cannery, and the largest single winery and distillery in Australia. Barmera (";
HI4[0]="2014) originated from the State-sponsored irrigation scheme after the First World War, and is now widely know for water sports at Lake Bonney Riverland. Loxton (3100) served the dry farming lands to the south from 1895, and irriga";
HI5[0]="tion development since the Second World War. Waikerie (1629) began as a co-operative village settlement in the 1890s and expanded after the Second World War with the Golden Heights, Ramco Heights and Sunlands irrigation projects. ";
HI6[0]="BRL Hardy wineries, Renmano Wines and Berri Estates, based in the Riverland, each have long histories dating back to the early 20th century. Another company with a long history in the region is Angove's, which first began winemaki";
HI7[0]="ng and distilling there in 1886. Bonneyview was established in 1970 and Thomson Fruitgrowers have been producing fruit in the region since 1919. Tandou is another bulk producer that has recently moved into a branded product. Estab";
HI8[0]="lished in 1972 by Bob Smith and Ian Taylor, the company was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange in 1987. Salena Estate, named after the 11-year-old daughter of owners Bob and Sylvia Franchitto, produces some of the smartest wi";
HI9[0]="nes seen in the Riverland. They had their first commercial vintage in 1998, though they have been growing stonefruit and grapes for the last 20 years, previously selling their grapes to other companies.";