NA ="Parndana, Penneshaw, Kingscote, Vivonne Bay,";
FE1[0]=" The links between wine and tourism are well known, and at Kangaroo Island there is the potential to develop it to an unprecedented degree.  The island is the third largest of Australia's islands and offers an extraordinary range o";
FE2[0]="f attractions for the tourist: the best known being its native flora and fauna, unpolluted beaches and coastal scenery. The island is also rapidly gaining a reputation for high quality food products.  Gourmets will attest to Kanga";
FE3[0]="roo Island chicken and, of course, all manner of seafood.  Vineyards are now making their own distinctive contribution.  Approximately 120 hectares (296 acres) of vines have been planted by 20 owners and more are in developmental ";
FE4[0]="stages. The Florance Vineyard plantings at Cygnet River in the mid 1980s were the first to be established. Although some island vineyards supplied wines to the mainland early last century, the current surge in wine development was";
FE5[0]=" kick-started in 1985. Today more than 80 hectares of Kangaroo Island is under vine, testament to the dedication and emerging success of the region's 24 winegrowers. Cabernet Sauvignon grapes are most notably represented followed ";
FE6[0]="by Shiraz, Merlot, Chardonnay and Riesling, with island labels including Dudley Partners, Williams, Bay of Shoals, Nepean Ridge, Cape D'Estaing, Nepean Ridge and KI Trading Company. Sunset Wines has recently opened the island's fi";
FE7[0]="rst cellar door, which also showcases Kangaroo Island produce. Australia's third largest island boasts two winemakers, Dudley Partners and Nepean Ridge, while other wines are made under contract on the mainland. One third of the i";
FE8[0]="sland is protected as conservation and national parks, and half the island has never been cleared of native vegetation.";
FE9[0]="";
LA1[0]=" Kangaroo Island covers an area of 4,370 square kilometres and supports a population of over 4000 people. The Island's natural resources underpin a range of industries, dominated by primary production, which provides $69 million pe";
LA2[0]="r year, and tourism, which provides $53 million. Approximately 50 per cent of the farmland is used for dryland agriculture, predominantly sheep for wool and meat, beef, and cropping, however cropping has dramatically increased in ";
LA3[0]="recent times. Tourism as an industry has developed to the extent that approximately 20 per cent of the Island's residents are involved in tourism. Emerging industries include freshwater and marine aquaculture ventures, farm and pl";
LA4[0]="antation forestry, orchards and horticultural ventures, vineyards and seed potatoes. The western coastline of Kangaroo Island is dominated by tall limestone cliffs overlying metamorphosed sedimentary rocks and topped by high, roll";
LA5[0]="ing calcareous sand dunes. The uplands of Flinders Chase (Gosse Lands) were formed by an ironstone plateau (called laterite), deeply incised by streams exposing folded and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Soils range from acid dup";
LA6[0]="lex soils in the Gosse Lands area to deep calcareous sands in the south west. The soils are chiefly weakly-structured, shallow red-brown sands overlying limestone in some sites, and have limited water holding capacity which emphas";
LA7[0]="ises the need for irrigation. Generally speaking, the soils are similar to those of Padthaway, and can sustain good yields if adequate water is applied. Generally there is a clayey grey-brown layer to approximately one metre, unde";
LA8[0]="r which there is a deep, well-drained limestone marl. Soils are not generous, but are fertile enough to provide good but not too vigorous growth. The island slopes are gentle, with the north and north-east facing sites being prefe";
LA9[0]="rred for viticulture. Generally, it is the coastal areas that benefit from the maritime influence as there is no frost risk.";
CL1[0]=" As expected, a wholly maritime climate prevails with south-easterly winds blowing directly from the Southern Ocean and prevalent during the growing season, especially December to March. The average summer temperature is 25°C (77°F";
CL2[0]="), significantly cooler than that of Adelaide; while the winter temperatures are several degrees warmer. The low growing season rainfall makes a small amount of supplementary irrigation desirable, but the quite high relative humid";
CL3[0]="ity of 64 percent renders the vineyards moderately susceptible to powdery mildew and Botrytis. Overall, the climate is temperate and devoid of extremes, with a particularly even accumulation of heat.  Birds are the principal vitic";
CL4[0]="ultural problem. Relatively mild conditions are experienced during both summer and winter, typical of the insular character of island climates. At times, cool ocean breezes make windproof clothing necessary, while central areas of";
CL5[0]=" the island occasionally experience temperatures of 35-40 degrees C. Temperatures rarely exceed 30°C. It is the hot north winds which usually cause very high temperatures in South Australia and, at our vineyard, these come straigh";
CL6[0]="t off the sea and hence are much cooler than in the Barossa or McLaren Vale, for example. This absence of extreme high temperatures plays its part in preserving flavour compounds in the fruit, and because maximum colour developmen";
CL7[0]="t in the skins occurs at temperatures around 25°C, it also helps us to produce fruit with intense colour. Rainfall is low, with approximately 420mm being the annual average.";
CL8[0]="";
CL9[0]="";
HI1[0]=" Although Kangaroo Island saw the first European settlement in South Australia, the predominant gravelly ironstone soils with their impermeable clay subsoils discouraged development away from the north-eastern coastal fringe around";
HI2[0]=" Kingscote and Penneshaw. It was not until after the Second World War, with the use of heavy scrub-clearing machinery and dressings of superphosphate with added micronutrients, that the scrub was replaced by pastures of subterrane";
HI3[0]="an clover. Sheep and cattle grazing is now the main activity. Wool and livestock sales contributed almost 80% of the value of farm produce in 1981, oat and barley cereals only 7%. Land clearance has left growing problems of winter";
HI4[0]=" waterlogging and soil salinity. Most of the island's people (3515 in 1981) live in the small coastal towns of Kingscote and Penneshaw, and in the central area at Parndana. Kingscote, the main commercial centre, was the first land";
HI5[0]="fall for most of the South Australian Company's ships in 1836. The Florance Vineyard plantings at Cygnet River in the mid 1980s were the first to be established. Although some island vineyards supplied wines to the mainland early ";
HI6[0]="last century, the current surge in wine development was kick-started in 1985. Approximately 120 hectares (296 acres) of vines have been planted by 20 owners and more are in developmental stages. Today more than 80 hectares of Kang";
HI7[0]="aroo Island is under vine, testament to the dedication and emerging success of the region's 24 winegrowers. In 1990, Armando was one of the pioneers in making the first successful commercial wines on Kangaroo Island under the name";
HI8[0]=" of Kangaroo Island Trading Company.";
HI9[0]="";